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It is easy to spot the lingering Marxist dogma of historical materialism in this view. Instead he points to five purely historical factors to explain its arising. "The Machine" can also be used as an accurate term to call technique and technical civilization.Įlull, wishing to avoid the notion that technique is somehow an intended, subjective process, denies that philosophy or mythology have anything to do with its emergence. Now, however, all of the above have been computerized - as Elull predicted. "The Machine" is still more exact and concise but Ellul didn't use this term because during the time of his writing, the Fifties and Sixties, technique included things like schedules, programs, operations, statistics, and processes that were mechanical, like all techniques, but were not yet incorporated into machines. "The Techno-scientific Global Socioeconomic Supersystem" is more accurate but its use is cumbersome. Separation defines every aspect of technique - compartmentalization, specialization, categorization, atomization - the separation of technology from the rest of nature, the separation of individuals from one another etc., but its meaning reaches far outside of these bounds. Pure reason or pure science, like that favoured by the ancient Greeks who would invent things only to prove their theories and then would dismantle them, have little value for technical civilization. Technique is a rational and reasonable process, but it is characterized only by applied reason - reason that is almost instantly reified into some useful and practical technology or technique. In contrast, the terms Reason and Separation are too broad, too general. Technique is purely a technical process which may favour certain elites but it is objective in nature. State Capitalism, like the New World Order, implies an elite with subjective agency. Technique has absorbed both the state and capital and is definitely a global process, but it is much more than this. The terms State Capitalism and Globalization are too narrow. While at one stage technique was just one facet among many (cultural, religious, political, etc.) in any given civilization it now dominates all other facets. Technique, in this sense, is the sum of all methods governed by rationality and efficiency. The totality of methods rationally arrived at and having absolute efficiency in every field of human activity. State Capitalism, Reason, Globalization, The Machine, The Techno-scientific Global Socioeconomic Supersystem, Separation, The New World Order - all might be more accurately and conveniently replaced by Jacques Elull's term, " technique."Įlull, in The Technological Society, defines technique as: